Evolution Korea
South Korea's democratic system is susceptible to populist impulses. However, it's healthier than might be expected.
The country is seeking a new paradigm of development. The Confucian culture, which emphasizes respect for ancestors and as and gender-specific family relationships, continues to influence the society. There are indications of a secularist culture trend forming.
Origins
In prehistoric times the ancestors of the modern Koreans lived by hunting and gathering wild food. In the tens of thousands of years after they began to cultivate crops including millet and beans. They also raised livestock and also made furs. These people formed tribal states one after another in Manchuria and on the Korean peninsula. They also established a metalworking industry, producing bronze tools and later iron tools. They traded with other states and introduced Celadon, paper making block printing, art styles and writing to Japan.
In 2333 BCE Gojoseon was founded in the southern part of the peninsula. The state adopted Buddhism and adopted Chinese culture, including Confucian philosophy. In this time, the inhabitants of Buyeo joined Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a hierarchical state with the monarch and top officials were members of the aristocracy of the land, while the rest of the population were peasants. The state collected taxes from these citizens and sometimes even required them to join the army or build fortifications.
By the end of this period the state of Baekje was founded by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. This new kingdom expanded its territory to the southwest of the peninsula and clashed with Goguryeo and China's commanderies in the region. Baekje accepted Confucian ideas into its state beliefs system in 1390 CE and made the male-centered concept of filiopiety into a doctrine. In the name of filiopiety, fathers were responsible for their families and had to be revered and obeyed by all, including their grandchildren and children.
Goryeo, who ruled from 918 to 1392 CE established the Hangul alphabet based on the shapes made by the mouth during pronunciation. This dramatically improved communication between people, and led to an explosion in the writing of Buddhist texts. Woodblock printing and movable metal type were also refined. It was during this period that the Samguk sagi, also known as 'History of the Three Kingdoms' was first written in 1145 CE.
The evolution of Korea
The Korean peninsula has been inhabited since Neolithic times. The earliest evidence for human settlements is evident in the form of stone-lined cist graves with precious items like amazonite jewelry being buried with the dead. Megalithic structures, referred to as dolmens and built of single large stones, are prevalent throughout the country.
In the first half of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognizable political state. The peninsula was later under the control of a variety of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE) including Baekje and Goguryeo. In addition, the northern region of the peninsula was ruled by the Balhae kingdom, which many historians do not consider to be a legitimate Korean state.
Following the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states emerged in the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). Of them, Baekje was the most powerful however, its dynasty ended by the fall of Goguryeo in 676 CE and left Baekje with its southern territories of Manchuria and the western region around Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy prospered for a period of time.
The Unified Silla Kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms started to collaborate to expand their territories. Silla, with the help of the Chinese eventually conquered and united the peninsula in 935.
As Korea is entering a post-crisis period the way it develops appears to be changing. The people who are awed by the huge cost of the old systems advocate a comprehensive program of liberalization of capital, labor and product markets. On the other hand the people who support the old system attempt to protect it by promoting nationalist sentiments, as well as by stoking fears of job losses.
Academics and analysts are divided over the extent to which Korea's growth is being driven by these two trends. This article focuses on the five phases of Korea's development in terms of its political development that include illiberal democracies (1945-60) democratic autoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-1877), democratic paternalism (2001-2002) and participatory democracy (2002). This article also identifies important factors that appear to be influencing these developments.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. Creationists have made strides in promoting their views to this group. A survey conducted in 2009 revealed that almost one-third of respondents were against evolution. Of those, 41% said that there was no scientific evidence to support the theory; 39% said it contradicted their religious beliefs; and 17% said they did not comprehend it. This level of disbelief is comparable to that in the United States, where a similar percentage of people are not convinced that humans evolved from earlier forms of life.
In the past, the anti-evolutionist campaign in Korea focused primarily on educating students and in bringing Christ to them. In 1980 an all-day creation science seminar was held in Seoul during the World Evangelization Crusade. Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Gish of ICR as the featured speakers. This event was attended by an impressive crowd of professors, scientists, and church leaders.
The success of the event resulted in the formation of the Korea Association of Creation Research on January 31st in 1980. The event was widely covered in the national media, including The Korea Times, Chosun Ilbo and The Korea Times.
KACR began publishing a monthly newsletter, CREATION, in which it published its activities and published articles about scientific evidence for creationism. It also translated a number of films and slides from ICR and some books on the subject that were published outside of Korea. KACR members gave lectures in churches and universities throughout the country.
One example of one KACR success story was at the KAIST university in Seoul. Students at KAIST in Seoul were so fascinated by creationism that they raised money and got funding to build an enlightened museum on campus.
In addition to its activities, KACR has published a bimonthly magazine, CREATION. This magazine covers topics in the creation science. It also hosted a series of lectures by ICR staff. It also has local branches that hold seminars and provide talks to children in schools and community groups.
The evolution of South Korea
In the latter part of the nineteenth century and into the early twentieth century, Korea began to adopt a more Westernized lifestyle. The traditional Korean dress, the hanbok, was replaced with miniskirts, and other foreign fashion elements. Similar to the way traditional Korean music styles were replaced with modern rock and roll and jazz. During this time the samulnori, or masked dance-dramas, were popular with the public. These dramatic dances were performed to the accompaniment of shaman drums as well as various types of musical instruments.
Korea's new model of development is being formed in the wake of the economic crisis. 에볼루션 바카라 무료 for the new regime is to strike the right balance between market-oriented and state-led economic policies. It also involves rethinking the incentives, monitoring, and disciplining policies that created the pre-crisis system. These issues are examined in Chapters 3 and 4.
Founded by Onjo, prince of Goguryeo and the third son of Jumong, Baekje was established jointly by people living along the Hangang River, those from Buyeo and other areas and people from northern China. In the 4th century, in the early part of, Baekje was a major regional power, and expanded its territory to Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. This meant that it was constantly in conflict with Goguryeo, and the Chinese commanders on the border.
The decline of Silla between the 8th and 9th centuries led to the development of powerful local factions. Gungye was a noble from Later Baekje, established a kingdom with Songak as its capital. It also exerted control over part of the present-day Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. Then, he moved the capital to Wansanju. He was an adversary to Goguryeo.
However his rule was not long-lasting. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935, and then united Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla and later joined Baekje into Goryeo without a fight as his successor. Wang Geon also introduced fundamental reforms, and strengthened the centralized ruling system. This marked the end of the Three Kingdoms period. From that point the Korean peninsula was ruled by the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually became powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.